Tennis Made Easy :: essays research papers

When riding the Internet, in the long run ending up at tennis4you.com, I discovered something many refer to as the â€Å"Lesson Lounge† which has instructional articles on the sport of tennis. My specific article talks about a vital piece of the game, and furthermore a troublesome one, the main serve. The explanation this drew my consideration is on the grounds that this is a significant shortcoming in my effectively lamentable tennis collection. By perusing the article, I would have liked to discover procedure to gain from, and in the long run, with training, to improve from. In the article, they clarify how the principal serve can become â€Å"†¦someone’s greatest weapon making somebody else’s most noticeably awful nightmare!† That, not exclusively would one be able to utilize a force serve or an arrangement serve to assault their rivals, yet that working out isn't even important to do as such. The tennis serve can have essentially more force by uti lizing â€Å"†¦legs, shoulder revolution, and stomach muscles†¦Ã¢â‚¬  during one’s movement. They stress that since you have two serves, it is significant to take a risk and ensure your first serve isn't â€Å"†¦easily attackable†. From here, they lead into progressively muddled serving strategies that include the sort of hit, for example, the level, cut, kick, and topspin serves. In spite of the fact that I am sufficiently bad to test them out, through time, they could surely assist somebody with an enthusiasm for tennis who is eager to rehearse. In the wake of building up the four sorts, the author goes more top to bottom to contrasts among power and non-power serves. With power serves, they accentuate the significance of beat, criticalness of keeping your adversary speculating and ultimately, the need to hit it in limits. They keep on saying that, clearly, regardless of how hard your serve is, it is futile in the event that it can't land in limits. To the extent non-power serves, they discuss littler players and how method and instruments, for example, turn. Another primary concern here is that one must serve profound into the administration box.

Comparison On Classification Techniques Using Weka Computer Science Essay

Examination On Classification Techniques Using Weka Computer Science Essay PCs have gotten huge improvement advancements particularly the speed of PC and decreased information stockpiling cost which lead to make tremendous volumes of information. Information itself has no worth, except if information changed to data to get valuable. In recent decade the information mining was concocted to produce information from database. By and by bioinformatics field made numerous databases, aggregated in speed and numeric or character information is not, at this point limited. Information Base Management Systems permits the combination of the different high dimensional interactive media information under a similar umbrella in various zones of bioinformatics. WEKA incorporates a few AI calculations for information mining. Weka contains universally useful condition apparatuses for information pre-handling, relapse, grouping, affiliation rules, bunching, highlight choice and perception. Likewise, contains a broad assortment of information pre-preparing strategies and AI calculations supplemented by GUI for various AI procedures test correlation and information investigation on a similar issue. Primary highlights of WEKA is 49 information preprocessing apparatuses, 76 arrangement/relapse calculations, 8 grouping calculations, 3 calculations for discovering affiliation rules, 15 quality/subset evaluators in addition to 10 quest calculations for include determination. Primary goals of WEKA are removing helpful data from information and empower to distinguish an appropriate calculation for creating an exact prescient model from it. This paper presents short notes on information mining, essential standards of information mining strategies, correlation on arrangement methods utilizing WEKA, Data mining in bioinformatics, conversation on WEKA. Presentation PCs have gotten gigantic improvement advances particularly the speed of PC and information stockpiling cost which lead to make colossal volumes of information. Information itself has no worth, except if information can be changed to data to get helpful. In recent decade the information mining was created to produce information from database. Information Mining is the strategy for finding the examples, affiliations or relationships among information to introduce in a valuable configuration or helpful data or knowledge[1]. The progression of the human services database the board frameworks makes an enormous number of information bases. Making information revelation strategy and the executives of the a lot of heterogeneous information has become a significant need of research. Information mining is as yet a decent territory of logical investigation and stays a promising and rich field for examine. Information mining comprehending a lot of unaided information in some domain[2]. Information mining strategies Information mining strategies are both unaided and administered. Solo learning method isn't guided by factor or class name and doesn't make a model or theory before investigation. In light of the outcomes a model will be assembled. A typical solo procedure is Clustering. In Supervised learning before the investigation a model will be assembled. To gauge the parameters of the model apply the calculation to the information. The biomedical written works center around uses of administered learning strategies. A typical managed methods utilized in clinical and clinical research is Classification, Statistical Regression and affiliation rules. The learning strategies quickly portrayed beneath as: Grouping Grouping is a powerful field of research in information mining. Grouping is an unaided learning strategy, is procedure of parceling a lot of information questions in a lot of significant subclasses called bunches. It is uncovering characteristic groupings in the information. A bunch incorporate gathering of information objects like each other inside the group yet not comparable in another group. The calculations can be classified into dividing, various leveled, thickness based, and model-based techniques. Bunching is likewise called solo grouping: no predefined classes. Affiliation Rule Affiliation rule in information mining is to discover the connections of things in an information base. An exchange t contains X, itemset in I, if X à  t. Where an itemset is a lot of things. E.g., X = {milk, bread, cereal} is an itemset. An affiliation rule is a ramifications of the structure: X  ® Y, where X, Y ÃÅ" I, and X ÇY = Æ An affiliation rules don't speak to any kind of causality or relationship between's the two thing sets. X Þ Y doesn't mean X causes Y, so no Causality X Þ Y can be not the same as Y Þ X, in contrast to relationship Affiliation rules help with promoting, directed publicizing, floor arranging, stock control, beating the executives, country security, and so on. Characterization Characterization is a regulated learning strategy. The characterization objective is to foresee the objective class precisely for each case in the information. Grouping is to create precise portrayal for each class. Arrangement is an information mining capacity comprises of doling out a class name of items to a lot of unclassified cases. Grouping A Two-Step process appear in figure 4. Information mining arrangement components, for example, Decision trees, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Bayesian system, Neural systems, Fuzzy rationale, Support vector machines, and so forth. Arrangement strategies named follows: Choice tree: Decision trees are ground-breaking order calculations. Well known choice tree calculations incorporate Quinlans ID3, C4.5, C5, and Breiman et al.s CART. As the name suggests, this method recursively isolates perceptions in branches to build a tree to improve the expectation exactness. Choice tree is generally utilized as it is anything but difficult to decipher and are confined to capacities that can be spoken to by rule If-then-else condition. Most choice tree classifiers perform arrangement in two stages: tree-developing (or building) and tree-pruning. The tree building is done in top-down way. During this stage the tree is recursively apportioned till all the information things have a place with a similar class name. In the tree pruning stage the full developed tree is decreased to forestall over fitting and improve the exactness of the tree in base up style. It is utilized to improve the expectation and characterization precision of the calculation by limiting the over-fitting. Contrasted with other information mining strategies, it is broadly applied in different territories since it is vigorous to information scales or appropriations. Closest neighbor: K-Nearest Neighbor is extraordinary compared to other realized separation based calculations, in the writing it has distinctive form, for example, nearest point, single connection, complete connection, K-Most Similar Neighbor and so on. Closest neighbors calculation is considered as measurable learning calculations and it is amazingly easy to actualize and leaves itself open to a wide assortment of varieties. Closest neighbor is an information mining method that performs expectation by finding the forecast estimation of records (close to neighbors) like the record to be anticipated. The K-Nearest Neighbors calculation is straightforward. First the closest neighbor list is gotten; the test object is ordered dependent on the lion's share class from the rundown. KNN has a wide assortment of uses in different fields, for example, Pattern acknowledgment, Image databases, Internet advertising, Cluster examination and so forth. Probabilistic (Bayesian Network) models: Bayesian systems are an incredible probabilistic portrayal, and their utilization for grouping has gotten significant consideration. Bayesian calculations foresee the class contingent upon the likelihood of having a place with that class. A Bayesian system is a graphical model. This Bayesian Network comprises of two segments. First part is predominantly a coordinated non-cyclic diagram (DAG) in which the hubs in the chart are known as the irregular factors and the edges between the hubs or arbitrary factors speaks to the probabilistic conditions among the comparing irregular factors. Second part is a lot of parameters that depict the contingent likelihood of every factor given its folks. The contingent conditions in the diagram are assessed by factual and computational techniques. Hence the BN consolidate the properties of software engineering and measurements. Probabilistic models Predict various speculations, weighted by their probabilities[3]. The Table 1 underneath gives the hypothetical correlation on grouping procedures. Information mining is utilized in observation, man-made brainpower, promoting, extortion identification, logical disclosure and now increasing an expansive path in different fields too. Trial Work Trial correlation on arrangement strategies is done in WEKA. Here we have utilized work database for all the three methods, simple to separate their parameters on a solitary example. This work database has 17 characteristics ( qualities like term, wage-increment first-year, wage-increment second-year, wage-increment third-year, average cost for basic items change, working-hours, annuity, backup pay, move differential, training stipend, legal occasion, get-away, longterm-incapacity help, commitment to-dental-plan, loss help, commitment to-wellbeing plan, class) and 57 examples. Figure 5: WEKA 3.6.9 Explorer window Figure 5 shows the pilgrim window in WEKA instrument with the work dataset stacked; we can likewise investigate the information as diagram as appeared above in perception area with blue and red code. In WEKA, all information is considered as occurrences highlights (traits) in the information. For simpler investigation and assessment the recreation results are apportioned into a few sub things. Initial segment, effectively and inaccurately grouped occasions will be apportioned in numeric and rate esteem and along these lines Kappa measurement, mean total blunder and root mean squared mistake will be in numeric worth as it were. Figure 6: Classifier Result This dataset is estimated and dissected with 10 folds cross approval under determined classifier as appeared in figure 6. Here it registers all necessary dad

bio shizz Essay

bio shizz Essay bio shizz Essay Gum based paint and PH Effects on Enzyme’s Catalyze Reactions Presentation Compounds are proteins and polymers of amino acids. Amino acids are natural exacerbates that contain two gatherings of particles distinguished as â€Å"amino gathering and carboxylic corrosive group† (Encyclopedia of Science, 5 Oct. 2013). Compounds are billions of years old and are the final product of different synthetic responses. Richard Wolfenden, an organic chemistry teacher at the University of Ohio, clarifies that one of a kind catalysts are expected to play out a specific capacity, for example, concoction responses and development forms. For instance, DNA and RNA strands require the investment of catalysts to make them complete, and without these, the procedure would take a great many years. Wolfenden found that they add to a substance advancement that would occur in milliseconds versus two billion years in their nonappearance. Synthetic responses performed by proteins change in weight. The scale begins at 10,000 Daltons, which is a unit of mass in the nuclear units f ramework, and it arrives at 1,000,000. He features in his exploration that for engineered compound responses, the beginning scale is reflected to be generous; in this way, proteins are exceptionally one of a kind. Proteins that do â€Å"nuclear attractive reverberation spectroscopy† exercises are singled out in light of the fact that they make it conceivable to see and study their developments that in any case would be covered (ScienceDaily, 6 Oct. 2013). Researcher have prevailing with regards to imitating synthetic responses in the lab to back them off, and that encourages them produce inhibitor drugs for various infections, for example, hypertension. In our body, chemicals meet up in more prominent numbers on the cells where they catalyze a response; in this way, inspecting a blood serum test recognizes an illness in light of the fact that â€Å"damaged catalysts spill into the dissemination from harmed cells and tissues† (Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Oct. 2013). Vitality must be available for compound responses to be showed, and the measure of time fluctuates if catalysts are associated with the procedure. Also, they catalyze or accelerate responses. In spite of the fact that vitality is expected to begin the response, it would take less time and less vitality to finish it if impetuses are available. A few types of vitality are warmth and power, however our body utilizes cell breath to gather synthetic vitality from the nourishment we eat and transform it to ATP vitality that all cells need to work. We can't live without catalysts since they are liable for â€Å"thousands of synthetic reactions† expected to perform different assignments in our body (Encyclopedia of Science, 5 Oct. 2013). Each life structure that makes oxygen additionally makes Hydrogen Peroxide, which is a â€Å"bi-result of some compound reactions† (Enzymes, 5 Oct. 2013). The human body produces catalase proteins that dispose of this bi-item by changing it int o water and oxygen that cells use, in any case cells would be hurt. Basically, proteins are made of amino acids, which react to one another and meet up, framing a strand that has a â€Å"tridimensional shape† (Encyclopedia of Science, 5 Oct. 2013). This shape makes it workable for proteins to join different particles coordinating their own shape. Substrates are atoms that append to proteins and can be separated by these during synthetic responses. Impetus responses don't obliterate the proteins; consequently, they do this procedure again and again. Generally, a response is hindered by a â€Å"small administrative molecule† that join a catalyst in destinations other than the dynamic site, changing the enzyme’s shape and it no longer fits into its substrate (Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Oct. 2013). This idea is perceived as prompt fit hypothesis that expresses that the â€Å"binding of substrates† either begin or hinder a response. The aim of these preliminaries was to discover the level of catalyze response as chemicals are presented to various arrangements just as temperature impacts. It is essential to know how catalysts work and to know how they are influenced by their environmental factors on the grounds that

Essay Topics List for Competitive Exams

Essay Topics List for Competitive ExamsThe first place you want to look for when searching for essay topics for competitive exams is in the topic index of any online university or college. College students are generally very good at writing and can write well about any subject and it is also easy to discover what students do not like about their professor. So if you want to get good essays about any subject, you will probably have to write to many people and write about your topic in many different ways.You can find these essays in college forums or other websites that deal with student experiences. Forums and online discussion forums are usually excellent places to start with because people are generally very open about their feelings about their professors. When you discover that the majority of students who write on your subject are happy with their professors, you can then begin to find out what other students feel about their professors.For example, you could take the forum conv ersations and focus on the ones that center around the subject of grading. If you discover that most students are happy with their professors, you will probably find out that a large number of students dislike being graded on their essays. Most people are unhappy when their professors grade them and that is usually where the problem starts. If the majority of students are happy with their professors, it would make sense that students would be happy with their essays.This idea would lead you to conclude that a large number of students will have had problems with their essay writers and it will make sense to write about the topic of grading in the essay topics list for competitive exams. However, you may have to keep researching a bit because there are usually multiple different kinds of essays that students write about, which makes it difficult to narrow down the topic of the essay topics list for competitive exams. However, this should give you an idea of the topic that you should f ocus on.The subject could even lead you to find a great success by taking a long look at the topic of the essay topics list for competitive exams. If you find that the majority of students like writing about their subject, it would make sense to narrow down the topics to a few. When you have a few topics to choose from, you can write about the topics one at a time, focusing on one aspect at a time.By doing this, you could find several new topics to write about and you will not have to be interrupted for several weeks while you try to finish writing essays about the different topics. When you focus on just one topic, you can also consider going back to a subject that has been bothering you for a while. Just remember that the essay topics list for competitive exams would include topics that you have already written about in your journal entries and online discussion forums.You may even discover that the topics that you want to focus on in your essay topics list for competitive exams a re topics that you have already written about in your essay. This would make the topic of your essay topics list for competitive exams easy to sort through.

Study On The Determination Of Exchange Rates Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3412 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? It is a theory which says that exchange rates between currencies are in stable position when their purchasing power is the similar in each of the two countries. This means that the exchange rate between two countries should equal the ratio of the two countries price level of a fixed level of goods and services. When a countrys domestic price level is increasing (i.e., a country experiences inflation), that countrys exchange rate must depreciated in order to return to PPP. There are two versions to Purchasing power parity (PPP) and has been called as Absolute PPP This concept explains about the exchange rate between two countries will be identical to the ratio of the price levels for those two countries. This concept is derived from a basic idea known as the law of one price, which states that the real price of a good must be the same across all countries. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On The Determination Of Exchange Rates Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Relative PPP: Relative PPP refers to rates of changes of price levels, that is, inflation rates. This proposition states that the rate of appreciation of a currency is equal to the difference in inflation rates between the foreign and the home country. The  balance of payments approach  (BOP) Under the BOP approach, the home price of a foreign currency is determined just like the price of any commodity. The price is determined by connecting the market demand and supply curves for that foreign currency. Demand and supply for foreign exchange is determined by the flows of currency created by international dealings. According to the BOP theory of exchange rates, the supply and demand for a currency arise from the flows related to the BOP such as Foreign direct investments Exchange rate regimes Portfolio investment etc Equilibrium exchange rates are determined when the BOP is in equilibrium. Exchange rates will move in response to a BOP imbalance and, therefore, will restore the equilibrium to the BOP. Asset Market Approach It argues exchange rates are determined by the supply and demand from a wide range of financial assets: Movements in the supply and demand for financial assets revise exchange rates. Movements in monetary and fiscal policy revise the expected returns and perceived relative risks of financial assets, which in turn alter exchange rates. The  asset market approach  assumes that whether foreign investors are willing to hold claims in monetary form depends on an widespread set of investment consideration or drivers such as Relative real interest rates Prospects for economic growth Capital market liquidity Political safety Corporate governance practices Speculation Theories of Fund Flow Funds flow is defined as the net of all cash inflows and outflows coming in and going out of  various financial assets. Fund flow is usually measured on a monthly or quarterly or on a periodic basis.  The performance of an asset or fund is not taken into account, only share redemptions (outflows) and share purchases (inflows).   Net inflows create excess cash for managers to invest, which theoretically creates demand for securities such as stocks and bonds.  Ãƒâ€š Law of one price The theory that the price of a given security, commodity or asset will have the same price when exchange rates are taken into consideration. The law of one price is another way of stating the concept of purchasing power parity. The law of one price exists due to arbitrage opportunities. If the price of a security, commodity or asset is different in two different markets, then an arbitrageur will purchase  the asset in the cheaper market and sell it where prices are higher. When the purchasing power parity doesnt hold, arbitrage profits will persist until the price converges across markets. The spot exchange rate is the price that is quote for immediate (spot) arrangement (payment and delivery). Spot settlement is usually considered to be a couplar of business days from deal date. The spot exchange rate is normally close to the current market rate because the  transaction  occurs immediately and not some time in the future. The forward exchange rates it the rate where contract price are set now but the delivery and payment will occur at a future date. Forward Spread is the price difference between the forward price of the security and spot price of the same security over a same period of time. Forward Spread can be calculated by taking the spot price today and forward price one month from today. Pounds to Dollars Appendix A Dollars to Pounds Appendix B From the above graph (with reference to appendix A ) we can see the time series of the pound versus the dollar and vice versa. In January 2010 it was ( £0.6187 = 1US Dollar) but in February 2010 it was ( £0.6645= 1US Dollar), from this we can see the Dollar has appreciated by ({0.6645-0.6187} ÃÆ'Æ’-0.6187) = 0.07%%. And then for the next 4 months the pound rate has been fluctuating since September 2010. Appreciation of Pound The main reason for appreciation of any currency would be higher interest rates and lower inflation. If interest rates high then more investors invest in UK so it makes it more attractive to save money in the UK banks and UK financial securities like bonds. This will lead to increased demand for the sterling. If inflation is lower then it will make UK goods more attractive then US and hence the demand goes up. Depreciation of Pound Pound depreciates because of interest rate may go down and inflation go high making it investors a least return for their investments. . Other market factors also contribute for a currency to appreciate or depreciate as well. If there is demand for a particular currency then the currency will appreciate. Market Reasons for Pound to depreciate in the last six months: Low number of mortgage approvals and mortgage lending and consumer credit rose. Concerns about a tepid economic recovery, high public debt and political uncertainty. Sentiment has also deteriorated in the last week after the Bank of England said it stood ready to return to its asset-buying scheme if economic conditions warranted (Reporting by Naomi Tajitsu; editing by Stephen Nisbet) Foreign Exchange Risk Exposure Foreign exchange risk is the risk that domestic values of assets, liabilities or operating income may increase or decreases due to surprising changes in exchange rates. Foreign currency exposures risk arises when a company has an income or expenditure or an asset or liability in a currency other than that of the balance sheet currency. When the exchange rate movements become completely volatile it may sometimes destabilize the cash flows of the business. Such destabilization of cash flows that which affect the profitability of the business is the risk from foreign currency exposures. Classification of Exposures Transaction exposures Translation exposures Economic exposures Transaction Exposure Transaction exposure  is the gain or loss that might incurred on the settlement of foreign exchange transaction. Transaction included such as the sale / purchase of product or services lending or borrowing of money or any Other transaction involving mergers and acquisitions. Example: The US firm loan of 10M US dollars at a rate of .65 today and the time of repayment of loan when the rate goes down to .59.Then the profitability of the transaction may be completely wiped out due to the adverse movement of the exchange rate.. Such transaction exposures arise whenever business has foreign currency denominated in receipt and payment. Translation Exposure (Accounting Exposures) Translation exposure is defined as an increase or decrease in the parent companys net worth caused by a change in exchange rates since last translation. Translation exposure arises because of the need to translate foreign currency assets or liabilities into the home currency for the purpose of finalizing the accounts for any given period. A typical example of translation exposure is the treatment of foreign currency borrowings. For Example Consider that a UK company has borrowed dollars to finance the import of capital goods worth $1, 00,000. When the import materializes the exchange rate was say .65 per dollar. The fixed asset imported was therefore capitalized in the company books for  £65,000. If there is no change in the exchange rate the company would have provided depreciation on the asset valued at  £65,000 for finalizing its accounts for the year in which the asset was purchased. If at the time of finalization of the accounts the exchange rate has moved to say  £.70 per dollar, the dollar loan has to be translated involving translation loss of  £5,000. The book value of the asset thus becomes  £70,000 and consequently higher depreciation has to be provided thus reducing the net profit.   Economic Exposure Economic exposure expresses the extent to which the value of the firm would be affected by unexpected changes in exchange rates. Economic Exposure to an exchange rate is the risk that a change in the exchange rate affects the companys competitive position in the market. Economic exposure affects the profitability over a longer term span than transaction and even translation exposure. Economic exposure cannot be hedged as well. Ways to overcome Exposure: Hedging via lead and lag:   One way of reducing transaction exposure is leading and lagging foreign currency receipts and payments. To lead means to pay or collect early, where as lag means to pay or collect late. The firm would like to lead soft currency receivables and lag hard currency receivables to avoid the loss from depreciation of the soft currency and benefit from the appreciation of the hard currency. For the same reason, the firm will attempt to lead the hard currency payables and lag soft currency payables. To the extent that the firm can effectively implement the Lead/Lag strategy, the transaction exposure the firm faces can be reduced. Invoicing in the Local Currency The firm can reduce the exchange risk by choosing the currency of invoice. Firm can avoid exchange rate risk by invoicing in domestic currency, there by shifting exchange rate risk on to buyer. Because of this act firm may lose its customers who wants them to be invoice in their local currency. Forwards A forward contract is an agreement between two entities to buy or sell the underlying asset at a future date, at todays pre-agreed price. This is one most direct method of eliminating transaction exposure is to hedge the risk with a forward exchange contract. For example, The loan of 10M by US firm to UK Company can eliminate the foreign exposure by depositing 10M to its bank at 1 yr forward rate. No matter what happens to the exchange rate over the period, the company will not make a loss on the loan to UK Company. Futures: Currency and Interest Rates A futures contract is an arrangement between two parties to buy or sell the underlying asset at a future date at todays future price. Futures contracts differ from forward contracts in the sense that they are standardized and exchange traded. The ultimate goal of an investor in using futures contracts is to  hedge perfectly to avoid their risk. By locking the prices at appropriate rate it removes the uncertainty about the future price. The value (F) of a futures contract is the existing spot price (S) multiplied by one plus the interest rate over period (t), plus the cost of storage which is a function of time and the current spot price. Interest rate futures are the largely traded futures contracts in the world. They are based on relative interest rates and are used to hedge interest rate exposure. The value of an interest rate contract at maturity (V) is the notional principal value of the contract (N) multiplied by the spot interest rate on the maturity date of the contract (Si,t+n) minus the futures rate on interest (i) at time (t) that matures (n) periods later (Fi,t,n). Swaps An interest rate swap is a that transfors fixed payments into variable obligations or vice versa. Foreign exchange swaps allow a firm to quickly restructure its balance sheet, by giving it the opportunity to exchange fixed obligations for interest-sensitive obligations (or vice versa). A  currency swap  is an agreement between two parties to exchange the principal loan amount and interest applicable on it in one currency with the principal and interest payments on an equal loan  in another currency. These contracts are valid for a specific period, which could range up to ten years, and are typically used to exchange fixed-rate interest payments for floating-rate payments  on dates specified by the two parties. Interest Rate Swaps One party pays a fixed rate of interest; the other pays a floating rate of interest. The fixed interest payment remains unchanged throughout the life of the deal. It is paid annually, semi-annually or quarterly in arrears. The floating interest is paid on a three or six monthly basis. Because it is reset using the relevant Libor rate it will vary depending on short term interest rates. It too is paid in arrears. Different Types of Foreign Currency Options: A currency option is same as the stock option except that the underlying asset is foreign exchange. The buyer of option has the right but no obligation to enter into a contract with the seller. Hence the buyer of a currency option has the right to his advantage to enter into the specified contracts. American Option: An American option provides the buyer the right to exercise the option at any time between the date of writing and the maturity date. An option contract which is exercised at any time between the date of purchase and the expiration date European option A European option can be exercised only on the expiration date and not before. Options There are two types of options calls and puts. Call Options give the buyer the right but not the obligation to buy a given quantity of the underlying asset, at a given price on or before a given future date. A  call option will have intrinsic value only when the spot price is above strike price Put Options give the buyer the right, but not the obligation to sell a given quantity of the underlying asset at a given price on or before a given date. A Put option will have intrinsic value only when the spot price is below the strike price. Deep in the money option: An option with an exercise price, or strike price considerably below (for a call option) or above (for a put option) the market price of the underlying asset. Considerably, below/above is considered one strike price below/above the market price of the underlying asset.   When Call Options expires in the Money Option, then the Money call options will be automatically  exercise if there is enough funds to buy the underlying stocks at the strike price you bought the call options. If there is enough money in the trading account to buy (take delivery of) the underlying stock, then it should be sold and take profit before the call options expires. It is arguable the same that some one could exercise the in the money call options, take delivery of the underlying stock and then immediately sell the stocks or can make same profit by simply selling the options and the cost involved will be more in the case of exercise, buying and selling of the stocks. For example , if the current price of the underlying stock of A Ltd was  £50, a call option with a strike price of  £40 would be considered deep in the money. On the exercise of the option the holder can gain a profit of  £10 pounds. Reasons why options with different expiration date are traded at different premiums. Purchase of option can limit the exposure risk. The option writer always accepts the risk which purchaser avoids. The writer therefore needs to be paid in compensation. The cost of an option to a purchaser is known as the option premium. Option price is made up of intrinsic value and time premium. The intrinsic value is calculated on the assumption it expires today. Time premium depends on the difference between todays date and expiry date. The longer the expiry dates the higher the premium. Time value is equal to the total premium less the intrinsic value. Time value also called as the extrinsic value. It reflects the amount of money buyers are willing to pay in expectation that an option will be worth exercising at or before expiration Holding a longer expiration options gives an edge over the option holder who holds the short expiration date. Longer option holder will have longer time span to track the currency movement and can exercise them when it is the most be neficial to him. Choice of call or put option to British exporter. The GBP is depreciating against US$: For example: $1.7 =  £1 or  £0.70 = $1 ( For simple reason assume round figures) Now $1.4=  £1 or  £0.80 = $1 The above said figures suggest that the Pounds is depreciating against the US$ or in other words the US$ is appreciating against the Pound. This indicates that the GBP is getting cheaper against US$. If this situation could be handled properly then it will be beneficial to both importer and exporter. The assumption is that the British exporter sells goods to a US based customer and the US customer pays in the US$; and rarely the British exporter has to convert the US$ receipt in to the GBP. If the GBP depreciates against the US$, it is considered to be a favourable movement for the British exporter as he gets more GBPs. For example, if the customer owes him $10,000 when $1.7= £1. And forward rate is used, at the time when payment will be due, is $1.4 = £1. Therefore the receipt in the GBP is: Previously: $10 ,000/$1.7 =  £5883.23 If the GBP depreciates: $10,000/ $1.4 =  £7142.857 Hence it can be seen from the above figures that depreciation of the GBP is actually beneficial to the British exporter. Instead the risk that the exporter faces is the GBP appreciation against the US$. Lets assume that the forward rate is $1.9 =  £1. In that situation the GBP receipt will be as follows. Previously: $10,000/$1.7 =  £66,667 If the GBP appreciates: $10,000/$1.9 =  £5263.158 Exporter may wish to hedge against risk of the GBP being appreciates against the US$. The currency options are one of the hedging instruments available to the exporter. Provided that the GBP is to appreciates against the US$ and exporter occasionally receives the payment in the US$, he may wish to buy the Put options for the US$. He may buy put option to sell the US$ to option writer at $1.7: £1 or  £0.70:$1. So, in the future if the GBP depreciates and price becomes $1.4: £1 or  £0.80:$1 then he will abandon the option or let the option expire The other possibility is that the exporter may want to use the options for speculation purposes. If it is probable that the GBP is to depreciate against the US$, he may wish to buy the call options of the US$. The call option will give him the right to buy the currency at specified rate, which in our case is  £0.70:$1. Eventually when the GBP will depreciate to  £0.80:$1 he can exercise his option and buy the currency for  £0.70:$1 and sell it for  £0.80:$1. This will earn him handsome profit of  £0.10 per US$. REFERENCES USED ACCA TEXT BOOKS CIMA TEXT BOOKS INTERNET ESPECIALLY WEBSITES LECTURE HANDOUTS POUNDS2DOLLARS WEBSITE INVESTOPEDIA,WICKEDPEDIA CFA FINANCIAL ANALYSIST BOOKS LIBRARY RESEARCH INCLUDES GOING THROUGH VARIOUS BOOKS WRITTEN BY VARIOUS AUTHORS PRESS RELEASES AND JOURNAL RELEASES Bodie, Zvi; Kane, Alex; and Marcus, Alan J. (2002) Investments, 5th edition, publishe d by McGraw-Hill. Bodnar, Gordon M. and Wong, M.H. Franco (2000), Estimating rate exposures: some weighty issues. Working Paper 7497, National Bureau of Economic Research. Choi, Jongmoo Jay, and Prasad, Anita Mehra, (1995) Exchange risk sensitivity and its determinants: A firm and industry analysis of U.S. Multinationals, Financial Management, Vol 24, No 3, p. 77-88. Eiteman, David K., Stonehill, Arthur I., and Moffett, Michael H. (2001) Multinational Business Finance 9th edition, published by Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc. Jorion, Philippe. (1990) The exchange-rate exposure of U.S. multinationals, Journal of Business, Vol. 63 Issue 3, p.331 Levich, Richard M. (2001) International Financial Markets, 2nd edition, published by McGraw-Hill. Miller, Kent D. and Reuer, Jeffery J. (1998) Firm Strategy and Economic Exposure to Foreign Exchange Rate Movements, Journal of International Business Studies, 29, 2, (Third Quarter), 493-514. Pantzalis, Christos, Simkins, Betty J ., and Laux, Paul A. (2001) Operational Hedges and the Foreign Exchange Exposure of U.S. Multinational Corporations, Journal of International Business Studies, 32, 4, p. 793-812. Solnik, Bruno, (2000) International Investments 4th edition Published by Addison-Wesley Copyright Addison Wesley Longman WEBSITES USED WWW.SCRIBD.COM https://en.allexperts.com/q/Management-Consulting-2802/2009/10/International-Financial-Management.htm https://www.wendyjeffus.com/images/Foreign_Exchange_Instruments%2C_Measuring_and_Managing_Foreign_Exchange_Exposure.doc

Theme Of Women In The Handmaids Tale - 1784 Words

Throughout history, women have been shamed and oppressed in different aspects of life. In The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood, the oppression of women continues into the dystopian future. One cannot read The Handmaid’s Tale without seeing the problems of gender separation among roles and treatment in society. Although a feminist story, The Handmaid’s Tale gives some surprisingly sympathetic portrayals of men while those of women can be critical. Men are the most mysterious characters; they are the ones we know least about and the ones that Offred can provide the least insight into beyond patriarchal society, dominant male figures, and sexual predators. Few male characters have more than functional roles of the patriarchal state. Most†¦show more content†¦Of this first encounter Offred gives three different descriptions; his attitude is not directly described and he remains a figure that cannot be fully understood, realised or analysed. However, in defiance of danger she repeatedly returns to him and clearly falls in love with him, yet the lack of emotional response and understanding between them that is described and revealed to the reader makes it difficult to ascertain to what degree it is love or simply sexual desire. Nevertheless her description of their lovemaking is suggestive rather than simply erotic. At no point does the reader witness a direct conversation; therefore it is difficult to establish an analysis of him and his motives. Importantly she tells him her real name, something that is not even revealed to us, underlining the intimacy of their relationship. We want to believe that he is in love with Offred, yet he is the only member of the household not present when she departs. It can be taken from the Historical Notes that he did rescue her and was a member of the Mayday resistance. As a character he is very lightly described and his most significant role is as her lover, yet it is not a romantic story. Instead her relationship with him underlines the conflict she experiences of loyalty and sexual desires which eventually outweigh her loyalty to Luke and desire to escape. The Commander is the most powerful authority figure in Offred’s life. He is a high-rankingShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Women In The Handmaids Tale1239 Words   |  5 PagesIn Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, women have one purpose- to reproduce. Offred, the protagonist, subjects to the command of Gilead, a dystopian society â€Å"in which a brutal patriarchal regime deprives women of power and subjectivity, enslaving them through a sophisticated, ubiquitous apparatus of surveillance† (Cooper 49). She is under the stringent control of the Commander. 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The absence and mistreatment of humanity due to factors such as war, famine and poverty criticize current global issues while also foreshadowing the consequences of those issues if left unresolved. Both Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, and the movie Gattaca reflect dystopian societiesRead MoreMargaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale1537 Words   |  7 Pagesauthor of both Lady Oracle and The Handmaid’s Tale. Both of these novels follow the conventions of the oppression of women. Lady Oracle is the narrative in which Joan Foster, the first-person narrator, tells the story of her life. Spanning the time period of the early 1940s through 1970s, Joan’s story describes her growing up in Toronto, becoming an author of gothic romances, marrying and faking her suicide to escape the complicated turmoil of her life. The Handmaid’s Tale takes place in a city what usedRead MoreOppression Of Women In The Handmaids Tale1732 Words   |  7 PagesThe Oppression of Women that is shown in The Handmaid’s Tale When describing the newly established society in The Handmaid’s Tale, the Commander states that â€Å"better never means better for everyone [...] it always means worse, for some† (Atwood, 244). This accurately describes the nature of patriarchal societies, such as the society that is described by Margaret Atwood in The Handmaid’s Tale. The Republic of Gilead is a patriarchal society that has religious, and patriarchal values that benefit theRead MoreControlling Reader Response in the Handmaids Tale1257 Words   |  6 Pagessome extent, control reader response to themes within the text but the reader’s context may also influence the way the text is read. It is particularly evident in Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaid’s Tale that by examining the experience of women within the world it is evident that women are more repressed. The characterisation of Offred may control reader response to theme because her own personal experiences are projected onto the reader. In Gilead, women are repressed by male power and dominanceRead MoreLiterary Analysis of the Handmaids Tale1068 Words   |  5 PagesOffred, in Margaret Atwood’s disturbing novel The Handmaid’s Tale says, â€Å"But who can remember pain once it’s over? All that remains of it is a shadow, not in the mind even, in the flesh. Pain marks you, but too deep to see. Out of sight, out of mind.† The society of Gilead causes the aforementioned pain and demoralization by using women’s bodies as political instruments. Similar to Atwood’s novel, today’s men put immense pressure on women to be a certain way, give them children, and take care ofRead MoreThe Handmaid s Warning By Margaret Atwood1363 Words   |  6 PagesThe Handmaid’s Warning What will the future bring? What will happen as feminists speak out, women work out of home, pornography spreads and is battled, and the desire for children dwindles? Perhaps life on Earth will improve. Maybe women will have the rights they demand, porn will be defeated, and people will respect women’s bodies. Maybe mothers will miraculously have the perfect number of children: just the right amount to keep the population within its limits. Or perhaps a deterioration willRead More Symbolism and Loss of Identity in The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood940 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism and Loss of Identity in The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood In Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale, Offred recounts the story of her life and that of others in Gilead, but she does not do so alone. The symbolic meanings found in the dress code of the women, the names/titles of characters, the absence of the mirror, and the smell and hunger imagery aid her in telling of the repugnant conditions in the Republic of Gilead. The symbols speak with a voice of their own and in decibels

Enzyme Catalysis free essay sample

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to regulate metabolism by selectively speeding up chemical reactions in the cell without being consumed during the process. During the catalytic action, the enzyme binds to the substrate – the reactant enzyme acts on – and forms an enzyme-substrate complex to convert the substrate into the product. Each type of enzyme combines with its specific substrate, which is recognized by the shape. In the enzymatic reaction, the initial rate of activity is constant regardless of concentration because the number of substrate molecules is so large compared to the number of enzyme molecules working on them. When graphed, the constant rate would be shown as a line, and the slope of this linear portion is the rate of reaction. As time passes, the rate of reaction slowly levels with less concentration of the substrate. This point where the rate starts to level is called the Kmax, in which the peak efficiency of enzymes is reached. In order to start the reaction, reactants require an initial supply of energy called activation energy. The enzymes work by reducing the amount of free energy that must be absorbed so that less required energy leads to faster rate of reaction. The rate of catalytic reactions is affected by the changes in temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration. Each enzyme has an optimal temperature at which it is most active; the rate of reaction increases with increasing temperature up to the optimal level, but drops sharply above that temperature. Most enzymes have their optimal pH value that range from 6 to 8 with exceptions, and they may denature in unfavorable pH levels. An increase in enzyme concentration will increase the reaction rate when all the active sites are full, and an increase in substrate concentration will increase the rate when the active sites are not completely full. The enzyme used in this lab is catalase, a common catalyst found in nearly all living organisms. Catalse is a tetramer of 4 polypeptide chains, each consisting of more than 500 amino acids. Its optimum pH is approximately 7, and optimum temperature is about 37 Â °C. The primary catalytic reaction of catalase decomposes hydrogen peroxide to form water and oxygen as shown by the equation: 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2 . Within cells, the function of catalase is to prevent damage by the toxic levels of hydrogen peroxide by rapidly converting them to less dangerous substances. In this lab, we will show how catalase from 2 different sources (pure and potato extract) affects the rate of reaction by using titration to measure and calculating the decomposition rate of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water and oxygen gas with enzyme catalysis. Part II Material and Methods In Part 2A, I tested for catalase activity by using the seriological pipette to transfer 10mL of H2O2 into a beaker. The serological pipette was utilized in all transfer of substances in this lab because of its high quality and accuracy in measurement, especially with delicate control of volume and graduations that extend all the way to the top. Then, I used another serological pipette to add 1mL of catalase in the beaker. After observation, I analyzed and recorded the results. The above procedure was repeated with the boiled catalase solution using another beaker and serological pipette. I analyzed and recorded the results after examination. In Part 2B, I established the baseline to determine the amount of H2O2 present in the nominal solution without adding the enzyme. I used serological pipettes (for the same reason mentioned above) to transfer 10mL of H2O2 in a beaker previously labeled as baseline and 1mL of distilled H2O into the same beaker after that. Next, I added 10mL of 1. 0M H2SO4 into the beaker and mixed the solution by gently swirling the beaker. The sulfuric acid was used to lower the pH and thereby stopping the catalytic activity. Using the serological pipette, I removed 5mL of the mixture into a different beaker to assay for the H2O2 amount through titration. This was done particularly through the titration technique because it can determine the concentration of a reactant – in this case, remaining amount of H2O2 – with volume measurements. After recording the initial burette reading, I placed the assay beaker underneath a burette containing KMnO4 and gradually added the titrant with controlled drops while gently swirling the beaker until the color of the mixture turned permanently pink or brown. Then, I recorded the final burette reading. The potassium permanganate was specifically used because its excess amount will cause the solution to change color, and the amount used to change the color is proportional to amount of remaining H2O2. In Part 2D, I measured the rate of H2O2 decomposition with enzyme catalysis in 5 different time intervals of 10, 30, 60, 120, and 180 seconds. After labeling 5 beakers with each time interval, I transferred 10mL of H2O2 to each beaker with the serological pipette (for the same reason mentioned in Part 2A). For the 10 second time interval, I added 1mL of catalase extract and swirled the beaker for 10 seconds. Next, I added 10mL of H2SO4 to stop the reaction. I repeated the above procedure 4 more times, varying the 10 second time interval to 30, 60, 120, 180 seconds. Then, using the serological pipette, I removed 5mL sample from each of the 5 beakers and found the amount of remaining H2O2 by titration with KMnO4. The reason and procedure for titration was identical to those in Part 2B. Part IV – Discussion In Part 2A, the enzyme activities of catalase and boiled catalase were observed. According to the data, the bubbles began to form in the mixture when the catalase was poured into H2O2. The bubbles are the O2 that results from the breakdown of H2O2 as the catalase takes effect. In the case of boiled catalase, there were no bubbles, which points to the absence of oxygen. This absence shows that unlike previous catalase, boiled catalase had no effect on the rate of reaction. The data supports the background information provided in the Introduction. The boiling of the catalase will alter its temperature above its optimal level, and that explains the significantly decreased reaction in the boiled catalase mixture compared to the catalase mixture. In Part 2B, the data represents the amount of H2O2 used in the reaction without enzyme catalysis, hence establishing the baseline. The collected data of initial reading and final reading was used to calculate the baseline of 4. 7mL KMnO4, which is proportional to the amount of H2O2. The 4 groups combined data as a class and took the average of the 4 baselines by liminating the highest and lowest number and taking the average of remaining 2 numbers. The established baseline was 4. 4mL. In the Charts A1 through B2 of Part 2D, the collected data of initial reading and final reading was used to calculate the amount of KMnO4 by subtracting the initial from the final. Since the amount of KMnO4 is proportional to the amount of H2O2 remaining, it was used to calculate the amount of H2O2 used in the reaction by subtracting it from the baseline. The computed data and the time intervals were graphed into 2 scatter plots separated by the type of catalase (pure and potato extract) with the lines of best fit drawn. The trend that should have shown in all 4 graphs was a steady increase from zero in the beginning and a gradual leveling off into a horizontal line towards the end. However, the actual results did not exactly come out as expected. In Graph A1, the data of Group 1 did steadily increase in the beginning, but the amount in 120 seconds was off and the data of Group 3 started with a negative amount, which went up and down throughout the time intervals. In Graph B1, the data of Group 2 started with a steady increase and slightly declined towards the end although the graph started at a negative number. In the same graph, the data of Group 4 also started negative and declined further, but it increased rapidly in the time intervals of 30-120 seconds and slightly declined at the end. Out of all the groups, the data of Group 2 was the most closest to the expected and the data of Group 4 was the most skewed. Overall, most groups had a line of best fit that began with a steady line that gradually smoothed out into a curve after, which matched the expected graph. Generally, the rate was the highest in the beginning from 0 to 120 seconds because that was when the H2O2 and catalase were first combined and the substrate molecules outnumber the enzyme, allowing the enzyme to collide with substrates more frequently. The rate was lowest towards the end after 120 seconds because that is a while after the hydrogen peroxide began to be decomposed and there is less of the substrate to bind with the enzyme, which means slower rate of reaction. This corresponds to the both graphs line of best fit, which relatively supports the background information. The rate of enzyme activity on the reaction would decrease with lowered temperature since the lowered average kinetic energy of the molecules decrease the chances of the enzyme colliding and binding with the substrate. Also, the enzyme may be denatured with low enough temperature. The function of catalase is inhibited by sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid removes the enzymes function as a catalyst by transfiguring the protein conformation, which is critical to the binding of the enzyme to its substrate because the specificity is entirely dependent on the structure. Part V – Error Analysis The data from Part 2D did not completely support the background information, which could be explained by errors that was made in the lab. One major error in the data was the negative amount of H2O2 used in the 10 second time interval with exception of Group 1. This may be the result of a human error made in the process of titration. A student may have had trouble controlling the amount of KMnO4 with the burette, unable to record the exact amount at which the color of the mixture changed and adding too much KMnO4. This would have resulted in larger amount of KMnO4 used, thus, leading to a smaller amount of H2O2 used in the solution, which could result in a negative number. Another major error was the up and down fluctuation in the graph drawn from the data of Group 3 and Group 4. This could be due to any measurement error made during the lab, such as the measurement for the sample used in the assay. The directions called for 5mL of the mixture to be titrated; however, students may have measured wrong or mistaken the amount to more or less than 5mL. The assay of more than 5mL would result in a smaller amount of H2O2 used and the assay of less than 5mL would result in a larger amount of H2O2 used, which would account for the incorrect fluctuation of the graphs. Part VI – Conclusions In this lab, I conclude the following: Part 2A: ?Catalase reacts with H2O2 and produced H2O and O2 while boiled catalase does not engage with the substrate. This is shown by the formation of bubbles in the catalase mixture and the absence of bubbles, which indicates absence of oxygen, in the boiled catalase mixture. The function of catalase is affected by temperature because the boiling of the catalase denatured its catalytic ability, thus leading to absence of bubbles in the boiled catalase mixture. Part 2B: ?The amount of H2O2 remaining in the catalyzed reaction is generally less than that in the established baseline due to faster rate in the decomposition. In the data of Group 1, the amount of KmnO4 (proportional to the remaining amount of H 2O2) is 4. 4mL, 4. 2mL, 3. 9mL, 4. 2mL, and 3. 9mL over different time intervals. They are less than or equal to the baseline of 4. 4mL. Part 2D: ?The rate of catalytic reaction changes over time; the rate is constant in the beginning and gradually decreases towards the end, leveling off into a curve from a line. This is best illustrated in the best fit line of Group 2 data in Graph B1. ?The rate is highest when the reaction begins and becomes lower as time passes. The slope of the linear portion of all graphs in the data is greater than the slope of the gradually curving graph with increasing time interval.